Annotating Nouns and Pronouns
So far, we have only looked at verbal predicates. But nouns can have (core) arguments too. Specifically, this is true for event nouns and relational nouns.
Event nouns evoke eventualities (events or states). They are annotated much like verbs:
Dependency graph for sentence: Kim ’s breaking of the vase. Token breaking is labeled INTERNAL-STATE-INIT and has an edge labeled CAUSER to token Kim and an edge labeled has-state to token vase.
Dependency graph for sentence: Kim ’s height. Token height is labeled PROPERTY and has an edge labeled has-property to token Kim.
Dependency graph for sentence: Sandy ’s destruction. Token destruction is labeled EXISTENCE-DEINIT and has an edge labeled existent to token Sandy.
Dependency graph for sentence: Sandy ’s destruction of the city. Token destruction is labeled EXISTENCE-DEINIT and has an edge labeled CAUSER to token Sandy and an edge labeled existent to token city.
Dependency graph for sentence: the grown-ups’ response. Token response is labeled EXPRESSION and has an edge labeled sender to token grown-ups’.
Dependency graph for sentence: my life. Token life is labeled EXISTENCE and has an edge labeled existent to token my.
Dependency graph for sentence: my amazement. Token amazement is labeled EXPERIENCE and has an edge labeled experiencer to token my.
Dependency graph for sentence: my studies. Token studies is labeled EXPERIENCE-INIT and has an edge labeled experiencer to token my.
Dependency graph for sentence: his level. Token level is labeled PROPERTY and has an edge labeled has-property to token his.
Relational nouns also evoke eventualities. Additionally, they refer to one of the participants in the relation. Since we are not concerned with reference, we annotate relational nouns just like event nouns:
Dependency graph for sentence: Kim ’s friend. Token friend is labeled SOCIAL-RELATION and has an edge labeled socially-related to token Kim.
Dependency graph for sentence: my critic. Token critic is labeled EVALUATION and has an edge labeled evaluee to token my.
Dependency graph for sentence: a book about the primeval forest. Token book is labeled MESSAGE and has an edge labeled content to token forest.
Dependency graph for sentence: a copy of the drawing. Token copy is labeled COPY and has an edge labeled original to token drawing.
Dependency graph for sentence: their prey. Token prey is labeled SOCIAL-RELATION and has an edge labeled socially-related to token their.
Pronouns can function as event/relational pronouns, too. Annotate them like you would their antecedent:
Dependency graph for sentence: Kim saw the picture of the sheep , Sandy saw that of the boa. Token picture is labeled MESSAGE and has an edge labeled content to token sheep. Token that is labeled MESSAGE and has an edge labeled content to token boa.
Nouns and pronouns that are neither event (pro)nouns nor relational can’t have
any arguments. Thus, the rule that we mentioned
earlier applies: an
occurrence of a predicate without any core arguments is always annotated with
the special superframe ENTITY.
Dependency graph for sentence: a tree. Token tree is labeled ENTITY.
Dependency graph for sentence: Kim. Token Kim is labeled ENTITY.
Dependency graph for sentence: they. Token they is labeled ENTITY.