Introduction

Superframes is a scheme for frame-semantic annotation of text. Every predicate is assigned a frame, and every argument is assigned a unique role. Superframes annotations can help search corpora for phenomena of interest, enable quantitative cross-lingual comparisons, and support semantic parsing. Superframes aims to be easy to annotate. In particular,

Superframes does not require a lexicon. Frames are coarse and small enough in number to learn them by heart.
Superframes is language-independent.
Superframes ia annotated atop Universal Dependencies, thus delegating many difficult syntax-related decisions to an established framework.

Superframes defines a hierarchy of frames, each of which denotes a relation between two entities:

SITUATION (situated, situator)
- PROPERTY (has-property, property)
  - ASPECT (has-aspect, aspect)
  - CLASS (has-class, class)
  - EXISTENCE (has-existence, existence)
  - MODE (has-mode, mode)
  - QUANTITY (has-quantity, quantity)
  - SORT (has-sort, sort)
  - TRANSITORY-STATE (has-state, state)
  - VALUE (has-value, value)
- RELATION (related, relate)
  - ACCOMPANIMENT (accompanied, accompanier)
  - COMPARISON (comparee, standard)
    - CONTRAST (has-contrast, contrast)
      - CONCESSION (asserted, conceded)
    - SAME (same, same-as)
  - IDENTIFIER (has-identifier, identifier)
  - INTERACTION (coactor, actor)
  - LOCATION (has-location, location)
    - CONTAINMENT (contained, container)
    - CONTACT (on-surface, surface)
    - ORIENTATION (oriented, landmark)
    - WRAPPING-WEARING (wrapper, wearer)
  - MESSAGE (topic, message)
    - KNOWLEDGE (knowledge-topic, knowledge)
    - NORM (norm-topic, norm)
    - PERFORMANCE (work, performance)
    - RECORD (recorded, record)
  - META (participant, scene)
  - PART-WHOLE (part, whole)
  - PERTINENCE (pertains, pertinent)
  - SEQUENCE (follows, followed)
    - CAUSATION (result, causer)
      - SENDING (sent, sender)
    - CONTEXT (has-context, context)
      - CONDITION (has-condition, condition)
        
        EXCEPTION (has-exception, exception)
    - DERIVATION (derived, derived-from)
      - MATERIAL (made-of, material)
      - REPRODUCTION (reproduction, original)
    - EXPERIENCE (experiencer, experienced)
    - MEANS (purpose, means)
    - OUTCOME (outcome, has-outcome)
    - REPLACEMENT (replacement, replaced)
    - TIME-SEQUENCE (follows-in-time, followed-in-time)
  - SOCIAL-ROLE (has-social-role, social-relate)
    - GEO-AFFILIATION (geo-affiliated, geo-affiliation)
    - GROUP-MEMBERSHIP (member, group)
    - POSSESSION-CONTROL (possession, possessor)
  - SUBTYPE (subtype, supertype)
  - TIME (has-time, time)
    - FREQUENCY (has-frequency, frequency)